The Republic of Venezuela is a petroleum-rich country on the northeast coast of South America. In addition to its continental landmass, it has many islands and islets.
In 1498, Columbus sailed into the Gulf of Paria and marveled at the immensity of the Orinoco River and its clear water. Spain began colonizing the territory in 1522, establishing a settlement in the present-day city of Cumaná.
In 1811, Francisco de Miranda, who had fought for the colonies during the American Revolution, declared Venezuela to be an independent republic. The next few decades were marked by both internal wars and invasions (particularly by France).